税务总局2010年第4号公告 《企业重组业务企业所得税管理办法》中英文对照
发文时间:2010-07-26
文号:税务总局2010年第4号公告-
时效性:全文有效
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<p> 现将《企业重组业务企业所得税管理办法》予以发布,自2010年1月1日起施行。 The Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax on Enterprises&#39; Restructuring Business is hereby promulgated, which shall come into effect on January 1, 2010.</p><p><br/></p><p>  本办法发布时企业已经完成重组业务的,如适用《财政部国家税务总局关于企业重组业务企业所得税处理若干问题的通知》(财税[2009]59号)特殊税务处理,企业没有按照本办法要求准备相关资料的,应补备相关资料;需要税务机关确认的,按照本办法要求补充确认。2008、2009年度企业重组业务尚未进行税务处理的,可按本办法处理。 Where the enterprise has already completed the restructuring business upon the promulgation of these Measures, and if the special taxation treatment provided in the Circular of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax on Enterprises&#39; Restructuring Business (Cai Shui [2009] No. 59) applies but such enterprise fails to prepare relevant materials in accordance with the requirements of these Measures, then such enterprises shall file relevant materials for supplement; in case that the confirmation of taxation authorities is required, such confirmation shall be supplemented in accordance with the requirements of these Measures. Where the 2008 or 2009 restructuring business of an enterprise has not yet been subject to taxation treatment, the relevant taxation shall be handled in accordance with these Measures.</p><p><br/></p><p>  特此公告。&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; It is hereby notified the above.</p><p><br/></p><p>  企业重组业务企业所得税管理办法&nbsp;</p><p>Administrative Measures for Enterprise Income Tax on Enterprises&#39; Restructuring Business</p><p><br/></p><p>  第一章总则及定义&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Chapter I General Provisions and Definitions&nbsp;</p><p>  第一条为规范和加强对企业重组业务的企业所得税管理,根据《中华人民共和国企业所得税法》(以下简称《税法》)及其实施条例(以下简称《实施条例》)、《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》及其实施细则(以下简称《征管法》)、《财政部国家税务总局关于企业重组业务企业所得税处理若干问题的通知》(财税[2009]59号)(以下简称《通知》)等有关规定,制定本办法。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 1 These Measures are formulated in accordance with the Enterprise Income Tax Law of the People&#39;s Republic of China (hereinafter referred to as &quot;Tax Law&quot;) and its implementing rules (hereinafter referred to as &quot;Rules&quot;), the Law of the People&#39;s Republic of China on Taxation Collection Administration (hereinafter referred to as &quot;Collection Administration Law&quot;), the Circular of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning the Enterprise Income Tax for Enterprises&#39; Restructuring Business (Cai Shui [2009] No.59) (hereinafter referred to as &quot;Circular&quot;) and other related regulations for the purpose of regulating and strengthening the administration on enterprise income tax for enterprises&#39; restructuring business.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二条本办法所称企业重组业务,是指《通知》第一条所规定的企业法律形式改变、债务重组、股权收购、资产收购、合并、分立等各类重组。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 2 For the purpose of these Measures, &quot;enterprises&#39; restructuring business&quot; refers to all types of restructuring set out in Article 1 of the Circular such as change of enterprise&#39;s legal form, debt restructuring, equity acquisition, assets purchase, merger or consolidation and split-off.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第三条企业发生各类重组业务,其当事各方,按重组类型,分别指以下企业:</p><p>  (一)债务重组中当事各方,指债务人及债权人。</p><p>  (二)股权收购中当事各方,指收购方、转让方及被收购企业。</p><p>  (三)资产收购中当事各方,指转让方、受让方。</p><p>  (四)合并中当事各方,指合并企业、被合并企业及各方股东。</p><p>  (五)分立中当事各方,指分立企业、被分立企业及各方股东。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 3 In case of any type of restructuring business of an enterprise, the parties thereto respectively refer to the following enterprises based on the type of restructuring:</p><p>1. in case of debt restructuring, the parties refer to debtor and creditor.</p><p>2. in case of equity acquisition, the parties refer to acquiring party, transferring party and the acquired enterprise.</p><p>3. in case of assets purchase, the parties refer to transferring party and transferee.</p><p>4. in case of merger or consolidation, the parties refer to merging or consolidating enterprise, merged or consolidated enterprise and the shareholders thereof. And</p><p>5. in case of split-off, the parties refer to surviving enterprise, divided enterprise and the shareholders thereof.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第四条同一重组业务的当事各方应采取一致税务处理原则,即统一按一般性或特殊性税务处理。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 4 The parties to the same restructuring business shall adopt the consistent principle for taxation treatment, i.e. being treated uniformly as general or special taxation issues.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第五条《通知》第一条第(四)项所称实质经营性资产,是指企业用于从事生产经营活动、与产生经营收入直接相关的资产,包括经营所用各类资产、企业拥有的商业信息和技术、经营活动产生的应收款项、投资资产等。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 5 For the purpose of Item 4, Article 1 of the Circular, &quot;substantial operation assets&quot; refers to assets in direct connection with the generation of operation revenue that is used by the enterprise for engaging in production and operation activities, including all kinds of assets used in operation, commercial information and technology used by enterprises, receivables generated in operation activities and investment assets, etc.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第六条《通知》第二条所称控股企业,是指由本企业直接持有股份的企业。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 6 For the purpose of the Circular, &quot;controlling enterprise&quot; refers to the enterprises in which the enterprise concerned directly has shares.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第七条《通知》中规定的企业重组,其重组日的确定,按以下规定处理:</p><p>  (一)债务重组,以债务重组合同或协议生效日为重组日。</p><p>  (二)股权收购,以转让协议生效且完成股权变更手续日为重组日。</p><p>  (三)资产收购,以转让协议生效且完成资产实际交割日为重组日。</p><p>  (四)企业合并,以合并企业取得被合并企业资产所有权并完成工商登记变更日期为重组日。</p><p>  (五)企业分立,以分立企业取得被分立企业资产所有权并完成工商登记变更日期为重组日。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 7 The determination of the date of restructuring for the enterprise&#39;s restructuring as provided in the Circular shall be handled in accordance with the following provisions:</p><p>1. in case of restructuring, the date of restructuring shall be the effective date of the contract or agreement for debt restructuring.</p><p>2. in case of equity acquisition, the date of restructuring shall be the date when the transfer agreement is effective and the formalities for change of equity have been completed.</p><p>3. in case of assets purchase, the date of restructuring shall be date when the transfer agreement is effective and the actual closing of assets is completed.</p><p>4. in case of enterprise merger or consolidation, the restructuring date shall the date when the merging or consolidating enterprise has obtained the ownership of the merged or consolidated enterprises&#39; assets and the change of industrial and commercial registration is completed.</p><p>5. in case of enterprise split-off, the restructuring date shall the date when the surviving enterprise has obtained the ownership of the divided enterprises&#39; assets and the change of industrial and commercial registration is completed.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第八条重组业务完成年度的确定,可以按各当事方适用的会计准则确定,具体参照各当事方经审计的年度财务报告。由于当事方适用的会计准则不同导致重组业务完成年度的判定有差异时,各当事方应协商一致,确定同一个纳税年度作为重组业务完成年度。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 8 The determination of the year when the restructuring business is completed may be based on the accounting rules applicable to each party which shall be specifically referred to the audited annual financial report of the parties. In case of any divergence of the determination of the year when the restructuring business is completed due to different accounting rules applicable to each party, the parties shall negotiate and determine a tax year as the year when the restructuring business is completed.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第九条本办法所称评估机构,是指具有合法资质的中国资产评估机构。</p><p>   Article 9 For the purpose of these Measures, &quot;evaluation institution&quot; refers to Chinese assets evaluation institutions with legal qualifications.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二章企业重组一般性税务处理管理    &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Chapter II Administration of the General Taxation Treatment for Enterprises&#39; Restructuring&nbsp;</p><p>  第十条企业发生《通知》第四条第(一)项规定的由法人转变为个人独资企业、合伙企业等非法人组织,或将登记注册地转移至中华人民共和国境外(包括港澳台地区),应按照《财政部国家税务总局关于企业清算业务企业所得税处理若干问题的通知》(财税[2009]60号)规定进行清算。</p><p>  企业在报送《企业清算所得纳税申报表》时,应附送以下资料:</p><p>  (一)企业改变法律形式的工商部门或其他政府部门的批准文件;</p><p>  (二)企业全部资产的计税基础以及评估机构出具的资产评估报告;</p><p>  (三)企业债权、债务处理或归属情况说明;</p><p>  (四)主管税务机关要求提供的其他资料证明。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 10 Where an enterprise is transformed into sole proprietorship, partnership enterprise or other non-corporate organization from a legal person as provided in Item 1, Article 4 of the Circular, or transfers its registered place into other places outside the People&#39;s Republic of China (including Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan Region), such enterprise shall be liquidated in accordance with the provisions of the Circular of the Ministry of Finance and the State Administration of Taxation on Issues Concerning Handling of Enterprise Income Tax against Enterprise&#39;s Liquidation Business (Cai Shui [2009] No. 60).</p><p>When submitting the Tax Return of Enterprise Liquidation Income, enterprise shall submit together with the following materials:</p><p>1. the approval documents of commercial and industrial departments or other governmental departments for enterprises&#39; change of legal form;</p><p>2. the tax calculation basis of all assets of enterprise and the assets evaluation report issued by evaluation institutions;</p><p>3. the statement of the handling or attribution of the creditor&#39;s rights and debts of the enterprise; and</p><p>4. other materials served as certification as required by the taxation authorities.&nbsp;</p><p>  </p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;第十一条企业发生《通知》第四条第(二)项规定的债务重组,应准备以下相关资料,以备税务机关检查。</p><p>  (一)以非货币资产清偿债务的,应保留当事各方签订的清偿债务的协议或合同,以及非货币资产公允价格确认的合法证据等;</p><p>  (二)债权转股权的,应保留当事各方签订的债权转股权协议或合同。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 11 In case of any debt restructuring as provided in Item 2, Article 4 of the Circular, an enterprise shall prepare the following relevant materials for inspection by taxation authorities:</p><p>1. where the debts are discharged by non-monetary assets, the agreement or contract with respect to the debts discharging entered into by the parties concerned and the legal evidence for confirmation of the fair market value of non-monetary assets shall be kept;</p><p>2. in case of debt-into-equity, the agreement or contract for debts converting into equity entered into by the parties concerned shall be kept.&nbsp;</p><p>  </p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;第十二条企业发生《通知》第四条第(三)项规定的股权收购、资产收购重组业务,应准备以下相关资料,以备税务机关检查。</p><p>  (一)当事各方所签订的股权收购、资产收购业务合同或协议;</p><p>  (二)相关股权、资产公允价值的合法证据。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 12 In case of any equity acquisition or assets purchase restructuring business as provided in Item 3, Article 4 of the Circular, an enterprise shall prepare the following relevant materials for inspection by taxation authorities:</p><p>1. the equity acquisition or assets purchase business contract or agreement entered into by two or more parities;</p><p>2. legal evidence for proofing the fair market value of relevant equity or assets.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第十三条企业发生《通知》第四条第(四)项规定的合并,应按照财税[2009]60号文件规定进行清算。</p><p>  被合并企业在报送《企业清算所得纳税申报表》时,应附送以下资料:</p><p>  (一)企业合并的工商部门或其他政府部门的批准文件;</p><p>  (二)企业全部资产和负债的计税基础以及评估机构出具的资产评估报告;</p><p>  (三)企业债务处理或归属情况说明;</p><p>  (四)主管税务机关要求提供的其他资料证明。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 13 In case of any merger or consolidation as provided in Item 4, Article 4 of the Circular, an enterprise shall conduct liquidation in accordance with the Cai Shui [2009] No.60 Document.</p><p>When submitting the Tax Return of Enterprise Liquidation Income, the merged or consolidated enterprise shall submit together with the following materials:</p><p>1. the approval documents of commercial and industrial departments or other governmental departments for enterprises&#39; merger or consolidation;</p><p>2. the tax calculation basis of all assets and liabilities of enterprise and the assets evaluation report issued by evaluation institutions;</p><p>3. the statement of the handling or attribution of the debts of the enterprise; and</p><p>4. other materials served as certification as required by the taxation authorities.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第十四条企业发生《通知》第四条第(五)项规定的分立,被分立企业不再继续存在,应按照财税[2009]60号文件规定进行清算。</p><p>  被分立企业在报送《企业清算所得纳税申报表》时,应附送以下资料:</p><p>  (一)企业分立的工商部门或其他政府部门的批准文件;</p><p>  (二)被分立企业全部资产的计税基础以及评估机构出具的资产评估报告;</p><p>  (三)企业债务处理或归属情况说明;</p><p>  (四)主管税务机关要求提供的其他资料证明。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 14 In case of any split-off as provided in Item 5, Article 4 of the Circular and the divided enterprise no longer exists, the enterprise shall conduct liquidation in accordance with the Cai Shui [2009] No.60 Document.</p><p>When submitting the Tax Return of Enterprise Liquidation Income, the divided enterprise shall submit together with the following materials:</p><p>1. the approval documents of commercial and industrial departments or other governmental departments for enterprises&#39; split-off;</p><p>2. the tax calculation basis of all assets of divided enterprise and the assets evaluation report issued by evaluation institutions;</p><p>3. the statement of the handling or attribution of the debts of the enterprise; and</p><p>4. other materials served as certification as required by the taxation authorities.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第十五条企业合并或分立,合并各方企业或分立企业涉及享受《税法》第五十七条规定中就企业整体(即全部生产经营所得)享受的税收优惠过渡政策尚未期满的,仅就存续企业未享受完的税收优惠,按照《通知》第九条的规定执行;注销的被合并或被分立企业未享受完的税收优惠,不再由存续企业承继;合并或分立而新设的企业不得再承继或重新享受上述优惠。合并或分立各方企业按照《税法》的税收优惠规定和税收优惠过渡政策中就企业有关生产经营项目的所得享受的税收优惠承继问题,按照《实施条例》第八十九条规定执行。</p><p>   Article 15 In case of enterprise&#39;s merger or consolidation or split-off, the consolidating enterprises or the divided enterprise are/is eligible for enjoyment of the transitional taxation collection preferential policies that may be enjoyed by the enterprises as a whole (i.e. all production and operation income) in accordance with Article 57 of the Tax Law and the period thereof has not expired, only the taxation preference that has not been enjoyed by the surviving enterprises may be implemented in accordance with the provisions of Article 9 of the Circular; and the surviving enterprise is not entitled to inherit the taxation preference that has not been enjoyed by the merged or consolidated or divided enterprise(s); enterprises newly-established through merger or consolidation or split-off may no longer inherit or re-enjoy such preference. The inheritance treatment problems with respect to taxation preference in connection with the income from production and operation projects enjoyed by the merging or consolidating or divided enterprise(s) in accordance with the taxation preferential provisions of the Tax Law and the transitional taxation preference policies, shall be implemented in accordance with the Article 89 of the Rules.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第三章企业重组特殊性税务处理管理    &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Chapter III Administration of the Special Taxation Treatment for Enterprises&#39; Restructuring&nbsp;</p><p>  第十六条企业重组业务,符合《通知》规定条件并选择特殊性税务处理的,应按照《通知》第十一条规定进行备案;如企业重组各方需要税务机关确认,可以选择由重组主导方向主管税务机关提出申请,层报省税务机关给予确认。</p><p>  采取申请确认的,主导方和其他当事方不在同一省(自治区、市)的,主导方省税务机关应将确认文件抄送其他当事方所在地省税务机关。</p><p>  省税务机关在收到确认申请时,原则上应在当年度企业所得税汇算清缴前完成确认。特殊情况,需要延长的,应将延长理由告知主导方。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 16 Enterprises&#39; restructuring business that meets the conditions as provided in the Circular and for which the enterprises choose special taxation treatment, shall be filed for record in accordance with the provisions of Article 11 of the Circular; where the parties to the enterprises&#39; restructuring are required to be confirmed by the taxation authorities, the competent taxation authority of the leading party to the restructuring may be selected for filing the application for confirmation and such application shall be reported to the taxation authorities at the provincial level for confirmation.</p><p>In case that the application for confirmation is adopted and the leading party and other parties thereto are not in the same province (autonomous region or municipality), the taxation authorities of the province where the leading party locates shall copy and forward the confirmation document to the taxation authorities of the provinces where the other parties locate.</p><p>The said provincial taxation authority shall, upon receipt of the application for confirmation, principally complete the confirmation before the settlement and payment of the enterprise income tax of that year after exchanging. In case of any special circumstance that requires for an extension of time, the reasons for such extension shall be notified to the leading party.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第十七条企业重组主导方,按以下原则确定:</p><p>  (一)债务重组为债务人;</p><p>  (二)股权收购为股权转让方;</p><p>  (三)资产收购为资产转让方;</p><p>  (四)吸收合并为合并后拟存续的企业,新设合并为合并前资产较大的企业;</p><p>  (五)分立为被分立的企业或存续企业。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 17 The leading party to an enterprise&#39;s restructuring shall be determined by the following principles:</p><p>1. in case of debt restructuring, the debtor shall be the leading party;</p><p>2. in case of equity acquisition, the equity transferring party shall be the leading party;</p><p>3. in case of assets purchase, the assets transferring party shall be the leading party;</p><p>4. in case of a merger, the proposed surviving enterprise upon merger shall be the leading party, in case of a consolidation, the enterprise with relatively more assets before consolidation shall be the leading party; or</p><p>5. in case of a split-off, the divided enterprise or the surviving enterprise shall be the leading party.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第十八条企业发生重组业务,按照《通知》第五条第(一)项要求,企业在备案或提交确认申请时,应从以下方面说明企业重组具有合理的商业目的:</p><p>  (一)重组活动的交易方式。即重组活动采取的具体形式、交易背景、交易时间、在交易之前和之后的运作方式和有关的商业常规;</p><p>  (二)该项交易的形式及实质。即形式上交易所产生的法律权利和责任,也是该项交易的法律后果。另外,交易实际上或商业上产生的最终结果;</p><p>  (三)重组活动给交易各方税务状况带来的可能变化;</p><p>  (四)重组各方从交易中获得的财务状况变化;</p><p>  (五)重组活动是否给交易各方带来了在市场原则下不会产生的异常经济利益或潜在义务;</p><p>  (六)非居民企业参与重组活动的情况。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 18 Where the enterprises are filing for record or submitting application for confirmation in accordance with the requirements provided in Paragraph 1, Article 5 of the Circular in case of any restructuring business, they shall explain that the proposed restructuring has reasonable commercial purposes through the following aspects:</p><p>1. the trade method of the restructuring activities, i.e. the specific forms, trade background, transaction schedule, the ways of operation before and after the transaction and relevant commercial practice adopted by the restructuring activities;</p><p>2. the form and substance of such transaction, i.e. the legitimate rights and responsibilities incurred by transaction in form is also the legal consequence of such transaction. Besides, the actual or commercial final consequences incurred by the transaction;</p><p>3. possible change to the taxation situations of parties to the restructuring by the restructuring activities;</p><p>4. change to the situations of financial benefits obtained by the parties to the restructuring from the transaction;</p><p>5. whether the restructuring activities will bring to the parties to the restructuring any abnormal economic benefits or potential obligations that would have not been occurred if under the market&#39;s principles; and</p><p>6. information on the non-resident enterprises&#39; participation in restructuring activities.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第十九条《通知》第五条第(三)和第(五)项所称“企业重组后的连续12个月内”,是指自重组日起计算的连续12个月内。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 19 For the purpose of Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 5 of Article 5 of the Circular, &quot;consecutive twelve months after enterprise&#39;s restructuring&quot; refers to the period of the consecutive twelve months from the date of restructuring.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二十条《通知》第五条第(五)项规定的原主要股东,是指原持有转让企业或被收购企业20%以上股权的股东。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 20 For the purpose of Paragraph 5 of Article 5 of the Circular, &quot;original main shareholders&quot; refers to the shareholders holding an equity of more than 20% of the transferred enterprise or acquired enterprise they originally held shares of.</p><p><br/></p><p> &nbsp; 第二十一条《通知》第六条第(四)项规定的同一控制,是指参与合并的企业在合并前后均受同一方或相同的多方最终控制,且该控制并非暂时性的。能够对参与合并的企业在合并前后均实施最终控制权的相同多方,是指根据合同或协议的约定,对参与合并企业的财务和经营政策拥有决定控制权的投资者群体。在企业合并前,参与合并各方受最终控制方的控制在12个月以上,企业合并后所形成的主体在最终控制方的控制时间也应达到连续12个月。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 21 For the purpose of Paragraph 4, Article 6 of the Circular, &quot;under the same control&quot; refers to the enterprises participating the merger or consolidation are under the final control of the same party or parities before and after the said merger or consolidation, and such control shall not be temporarily. The same parties that are able to implement final control over the enterprises participating merger or consolidation before and after the said merger or consolidation refer to the group of investors that have final control over the finance and operation policies of the enterprises participating the merger or consolidation in accordance with the provisions of any contract or agreement. Where prior to the enterprise&#39;s merger or consolidation, parties participating the said merger or consolidation have been under the control of the final controlling party from a period of more than twelve months, the period when the subject formed upon enterprise&#39;s merger or consolidation is under the control of the said final controlling party shall be of no less than twelve months.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二十二条企业发生《通知》第六条第(一)项规定的债务重组,根据不同情形,应准备以下资料:</p><p>  (一)发生债务重组所产生的应纳税所得额占该企业当年应纳税所得额50%以上的,债务重组所得要求在5个纳税年度的期间内,均匀计入各年度应纳税所得额的,应准备以下资料:</p><p>  1.当事方的债务重组的总体情况说明(如果采取申请确认的,应为企业的申请,下同),情况说明中应包括债务重组的商业目的;</p><p>  2.当事各方所签订的债务重组合同或协议;</p><p>  3.债务重组所产生的应纳税所得额、企业当年应纳税所得额情况说明;</p><p>  4.税务机关要求提供的其他资料证明。</p><p>  (二)发生债权转股权业务,债务人对债务清偿业务暂不确认所得或损失,债权人对股权投资的计税基础以原债权的计税基础确定,应准备以下资料:</p><p>  1.当事方的债务重组的总体情况说明。情况说明中应包括债务重组的商业目的;</p><p>  2.双方所签订的债转股合同或协议;</p><p>  3.企业所转换的股权公允价格证明;</p><p>  4.工商部门及有关部门核准相关企业股权变更事项证明材料;</p><p>  5.税务机关要求提供的其他资料证明。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 22 In case of any debt restructuring as provided in Paragraph 1, Article 6 of the Circular, an enterprise shall prepare the following materials based on different circumstances:</p><p>1. where the taxable income amount incurred by the debt restructuring accounts more than 50% of the taxation income amount of that year, and the income from the debt restructuring is required to be averagely calculated into the taxable income of each year during the period of five tax payment years, the following materials shall be prepared:</p><p>(1) the statement of the overall situation of the parties to the debt restructuring (in case of adopting application for confirmation, such application shall be made by enterprises, same as below), in which shall include the commercial purposes for debt restructuring;</p><p>(2) the debt restructuring contract or agreement entered into by the parties thereto;</p><p>(3) the statement of the situations about the taxable income amount incurred by the debt restructuring and the taxable income amount of the enterprise of that year; and</p><p>(4) other materials served as certification as required by the taxation authorities.</p><p>2. in case of debt-into-equity business, where the debtor temporarily refuses to confirm the income or loss in the debt discharging business and the creditor determines the calculation basis of the equity investment by that of the original creditor&#39;s right, then the following materials shall be prepared:</p><p>(1) the statement of overall situation of the debt restructuring of the parties thereto, in which shall include the commercial purposes of the debt restructuring;</p><p>(2) the contract or agreement for debts conversion into equity entered into by both parties;</p><p>(3) certificate of the fair market value of the equity converted by the enterprise;</p><p>(4) materials evidencing the approval of commercial and industrial departments and relevant departments on change related to enterprise&#39;s equity; and</p><p>(5) other materials served as certification as required by the taxation authorities.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二十三条企业发生《通知》第六条第(二)项规定的股权收购业务,应准备以下资料:</p><p>  (一)当事方的股权收购业务总体情况说明,情况说明中应包括股权收购的商业目的;</p><p>  (二)双方或多方所签订的股权收购业务合同或协议;</p><p>  (三)由评估机构出具的所转让及支付的股权公允价值;</p><p>  (四)证明重组符合特殊性税务处理条件的资料,包括股权比例,支付对价情况,以及12个月内不改变资产原来的实质性经营活动和原主要股东不转让所取得股权的承诺书等;</p><p>  (五)工商等相关部门核准相关企业股权变更事项证明材料;</p><p>  (六)税务机关要求的其他材料。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 23 In case of any equity acquisition business as provided in Paragraph 2, Article 6 of the Circular, an enterprise shall prepare the following materials:</p><p>1. the statement of overall situation of the equity acquisition business of the parties thereto, in which shall include the commercial purposes of the equity acquisition;</p><p>2. the equity acquisition business contract or agreement entered into by two or more parities;</p><p>3. the certificate for fair market value of the transferred or paid equity issued by the evaluation institutions;</p><p>4. materials evidencing that the restructuring concerned meets the conditions for special taxation treatment, including equity ratio, situation concerning payment of consideration and the letter of commitment regarding no change of the original substantial operation activities and no transfer of equity that have obtained within 12 months;</p><p>5. materials evidencing the approval of commercial and industrial departments and relevant departments on change related to enterprise&#39;s equity; and</p><p>6. other materials as required by the taxation authorities.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二十四条企业发生《通知》第六条第(三)项规定的资产收购业务,应准备以下资料:</p><p>  (一)当事方的资产收购业务总体情况说明,情况说明中应包括资产收购的商业目的;</p><p>  (二)当事各方所签订的资产收购业务合同或协议;</p><p>  (三)评估机构出具的资产收购所体现的资产评估报告;</p><p>  (四)受让企业股权的计税基础的有效凭证;</p><p>  (五)证明重组符合特殊性税务处理条件的资料,包括资产收购比例,支付对价情况,以及12个月内不改变资产原来的实质性经营活动、原主要股东不转让所取得股权的承诺书等;</p><p>  (六)工商部门核准相关企业股权变更事项证明材料;</p><p>  (七)税务机关要求提供的其他材料证明。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 24 In case of any assets purchase business as provided in Paragraph 3, Article 6 of the Circular, an enterprise shall prepare the following materials:</p><p>1. the statement of overall situation of the assets purchase business of the parties thereto, in which shall include the commercial purposes of the assets purchase;</p><p>2. the assets purchase business contract or agreement entered into by two or more parities;</p><p>3. the assets evaluation report issued by the evaluation institutions which reflects the assets purchase;</p><p>4. valid certificate of the tax calculation basis of the equity of the transferred enterprises;</p><p>5. materials evidencing that the restructuring concerned meets the conditions for special taxation treatment, including assets purchase ratio, situation concerning payment of consideration and the letter of commitment regarding no change of the original substantial operation activities and no transfer of equity that have obtained by original main shareholders within 12 months;</p><p>6. materials evidencing the approval of commercial and industrial departments on change related to enterprise&#39;s equity; and</p><p>7. other materials served as certification as required by the taxation authorities.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二十五条企业发生《通知》第六条第(四)项规定的合并,应准备以下资料:</p><p>  (一)当事方企业合并的总体情况说明。情况说明中应包括企业合并的商业目的;</p><p>  (二)企业合并的政府主管部门的批准文件;</p><p>  (三)企业合并各方当事人的股权关系说明;</p><p>  (四)被合并企业的净资产、各单项资产和负债及其账面价值和计税基础等相关资料;</p><p>  (五)证明重组符合特殊性税务处理条件的资料,包括合并前企业各股东取得股权支付比例情况、以及12个月内不改变资产原来的实质性经营活动、原主要股东不转让所取得股权的承诺书等;</p><p>  (六)工商部门核准相关企业股权变更事项证明材料;</p><p>  (七)主管税务机关要求提供的其他资料证明。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 25 In case of any merger or consolidation as provided in Paragraph 4, Article 6 of the Circular, an enterprise shall prepare the following materials:</p><p>1. the statement of overall situation of the enterprise&#39;s merger or consolidation of the parties thereto, in which shall include the commercial purposes of the enterprise&#39;s merger or consolidation;</p><p>2. approval documents of competent governmental departments for the enterprise&#39;s merger or consolidation;</p><p>3. the statement of the equity relationship among parties to the enterprise&#39;s merger or consolidation;</p><p>4. such relevant materials as the net assets, assets and liabilities of each Paragraph and its book value and tax calculation basis of the merged or consolidated enterprise;</p><p>5. materials evidencing that the restructuring concerned meets the conditions for special taxation treatment, including situation of the ratio of equity payment obtained by all shareholders of the enterprise before merger or consolidation and the letter of commitment regarding no change of the original substantial operation activities and no transfer of equity that have obtained within 12 months;</p><p>6. materials evidencing the approval of commercial on change related to enterprise&#39;s equity; and</p><p>7. other materials served as certification as required by the taxation authorities.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二十六条《通知》第六条第(四)项所规定的可由合并企业弥补的被合并企业亏损的限额,是指按《税法》规定的剩余结转年限内,每年可由合并企业弥补的被合并企业亏损的限额。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 26 The limit of the losses of the merged or consolidated enterprises that may be made up by the merging or consolidating enterprise as provided in Paragraph 4, Article 6 of the Circular, refers to the limit of losses of the merged or consolidated enterprises that may be made up by the merging or consolidating enterprise each year within the remaining years for settlement and transfer as provided for by the Tax Law.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二十七条企业发生《通知》第六条第(五)项规定的分立,应准备以下资料:</p><p>  (一)当事方企业分立的总体情况说明。情况说明中应包括企业分立的商业目的;</p><p>  (二)企业分立的政府主管部门的批准文件;</p><p>  (三)被分立企业的净资产、各单项资产和负债账面价值和计税基础等相关资料;</p><p>  (四)证明重组符合特殊性税务处理条件的资料,包括分立后企业各股东取得股权支付比例情况、以及12个月内不改变资产原来的实质性经营活动、原主要股东不转让所取得股权的承诺书等;</p><p>  (五)工商部门认定的分立和被分立企业股东股权比例证明材料;分立后,分立和被分立企业工商营业执照复印件;分立和被分立企业分立业务账务处理复印件;</p><p>  (六)税务机关要求提供的其他资料证明。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 27 In case of any spilt as provided in Paragraph 5, Article 6 of the Circular, the enterprise shall prepare the following materials:</p><p>1. the statement of overall situation of the enterprise&#39;s spilt-off of the parties thereto, in which shall include the commercial purposes of the enterprise&#39;s split-off;</p><p>2. approval documents of competent governmental departments for the enterprise&#39;s split-off</p><p>3. such relevant materials as the net assets, assets and liabilities of each Paragraph and its book value and tax calculation basis of the divided enterprise;</p><p>4. materials evidencing that the restructuring concerned meets the conditions for special taxation treatment, including situation of the ratio of equity payment obtained by all shareholders of the enterprise after split-off and the letter of commitment regarding no change of the original substantial operation activities and no transfer of equity that have obtained within 12 months;</p><p>5. materials evidencing the determination of the commercial and industrial department on the ratio of the equity held by shareholders of the surviving and divided enterprises; upon split-off, the copies of the commercial and industrial operation license of the surviving and divided enterprises; copies of the financial treatment of the split-off business of the surviving and divided enterprises; and</p><p>6. other materials served as certification as required by the taxation authorities.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二十八条根据《通知》第六条第(四)项第2目规定,被合并企业合并前的相关所得税事项由合并企业承继,以及根据《通知》第六条第(五)项第2目规定,企业分立,已分立资产相应的所得税事项由分立企业承继,这些事项包括尚未确认的资产损失、分期确认收入的处理以及尚未享受期满的税收优惠政策承继处理问题等。其中,对税收优惠政策承继处理问题,凡属于依照《税法》第五十七条规定中就企业整体(即全部生产经营所得)享受税收优惠过渡政策的,合并或分立后的企业性质及适用税收优惠条件未发生改变的,可以继续享受合并前各企业或分立前被分立企业剩余期限的税收优惠。合并前各企业剩余的税收优惠年限不一致的,合并后企业每年度的应纳税所得额,应统一按合并日各合并前企业资产占合并后企业总资产的比例进行划分,再分别按相应的剩余优惠计算应纳税额。合并前各企业或分立前被分立企业按照《税法》的税收优惠规定以及税收优惠过渡政策中就有关生产经营项目所得享受的税收优惠承继处理问题,按照《实施条例》第八十九条规定执行。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 28 According to the provisions of Item 2, Paragraph 4, Article 6 of the Circular and Item 2, Paragraph 5, Article 6 of the Circular, the matters concerning income tax of the merged or consolidated enterprise before merger or consolidation shall be inherited by the merging or consolidating enterprises and the matters concerning income tax corresponding to the split-off assets upon enterprise&#39;s split-off shall be inherited by the surviving enterprise, such matters include undetermined assets losses, treatment of revenue confirmed by stage and inheritance treatment problems with respect to the taxation collection preferential policies that have not been enjoyed. Inter alia, where any inheritance treatment problems with respect to the taxation collection preferential policies falls into the scope of the transitional taxation collection preferential policies that may be enjoyed by the enterprises as a whole (i.e. all production and operation income) in accordance with Article 57 of the Tax Law and the nature of the consolidated or divided enterprise and conditions for application of the taxation preference, such enterprise may continuously enjoy the taxation preference that may be enjoyed by the enterprises prior to the merger or consolidation or the divided enterprise prior to split-off for the remaining period. Where the remaining period for enjoyment of taxation preference by the enterprises prior to merger or consolidation are inconsistent, the taxable income amount each year of the enterprises upon merger or consolidation shall be uniformly divided in accordance with the ratio of the enterprise&#39;s assets prior to merger or consolidation accounting for the enterprise&#39;s total assets upon merger or consolidation at the date of merger or consolidation, and the payable tax amount shall be respectively calculated in accordance with the corresponding remaining preference. The inheritance treatment problems with respect to taxation preference in connection with the income from production and operation projects enjoyed by the enterprises prior to merger or consolidation or the divided enterprise prior to the split-off in accordance with the taxation preferential provisions of the Tax Law and the transitional taxation preference policies, shall be implemented in accordance with the Article 89 of the Rules.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第二十九条适用《通知》第五条第(三)项和第(五)项的当事各方应在完成重组业务后的下一年度的企业所得税年度申报时,向主管税务机关提交书面情况说明,以证明企业在重组后的连续12个月内,有关符合特殊性税务处理的条件未发生改变。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 29 All parties concerned that are eligible for the application of Item 3 and Item 5 of Article 5 of the Circular shall, when filing the annual tax return for the enterprise income tax of the year immediately following the completion of the restructuring business, submit written situation statement to the competent taxation authorities to evidence that enterprise&#39;s conditions meeting those required for special taxation treatment has been subject to no change during the twelve consecutive months upon completion of restructuring.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第三十条当事方的其中一方在规定时间内发生生产经营业务、公司性质、资产或股权结构等情况变化,致使重组业务不再符合特殊性税务处理条件的,发生变化的当事方应在情况发生变化的30天内书面通知其他所有当事方。主导方在接到通知后30日内将有关变化通知其主管税务机关。</p><p>  上款所述情况发生变化后60日内,应按照《通知》第四条的规定调整重组业务的税务处理。原交易各方应各自按原交易完成时资产和负债的公允价值计算重组业务的收益或损失,调整交易完成纳税年度的应纳税所得额及相应的资产和负债的计税基础,并向各自主管税务机关申请调整交易完成纳税年度的企业所得税年度申报表。逾期不调整申报的,按照《征管法》的相关规定处理。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 30 Where a party concerned undergoes any change to its production and operation business, company nature, assets or equity structure during the prescribed time limit which leads to that the restructuring business is no longer eligible for special taxation treatment, such party shall notify all the other parties about such change in writing within 30 days thereafter. The leading party is required to notify its competent taxation authorities within 30 days upon receipt of the said notice.</p><p>The taxation treatment for the restructuring business shall be adjusted in accordance with Article 4 of the Circular within 60 days upon such change. The parties to the original transaction shall calculate their respective benefits or losses in the restructuring business based on the fair market value of their assets and liabilities upon completion of the original transaction, adjust the taxable income amount of the tax year when the transaction is completed and the corresponding tax calculation basis of assets and liabilities, and file the application form with respective competent taxation authorities to apply for adjusting the enterprise income tax of the tax year when the transaction is completed. In case of failure to file such application within the prescribed time limit, the relevant provisions of the Collection Administration Law shall be applied for handling.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第三十一条各当事方的主管税务机关应当对企业申报或确认适用特殊性税务处理的重组业务进行跟踪监管,了解重组企业的动态变化情况。发现问题,应及时与其他当事方主管税务机关沟通联系,并按照规定给予调整。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 31 The competent taxation authorities of all parties concerned shall follow up and supervise and control the restructuring business that is eligible for special taxation treatment which is filed by enterprise or has been confirmed, and get access to the dynamic change situation of the restructuring enterprise. Any problem found shall be timely communicated with the competent taxation authorities of other parities and shall be adjusted in accordance with relevant regulations.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第三十二条根据《通知》第十条规定,若同一项重组业务涉及在连续12个月内分步交易,且跨两个纳税年度,当事各方在第一步交易完成时预计整个交易可以符合特殊性税务处理条件,可以协商一致选择特殊性税务处理的,可在第一步交易完成后,适用特殊性税务处理。主管税务机关在审核有关资料后,符合条件的,可以暂认可适用特殊性税务处理。第二年进行下一步交易后,应按本办法要求,准备相关资料确认适用特殊性税务处理。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 32 According to Article 10 of the Circular, where a restructuring business involves several respective transactions in consecutive twelve months which lasts for two tax years and the parties thereto expects the whole transaction will meet the conditions for special taxation treatment upon the completion of first transaction and then choose for special taxation treatment upon consensus after negotiation, then the special taxation treatment may apply upon completion of the first transaction. Where the competent taxation authorities determine as meeting the conditions after examining relevant materials, they may temporarily recognize as applicable for special taxation treatment. And after the next transaction in the second year, such parties shall prepare relevant materials for confirmation of the special taxation treatment in accordance with the requirements of these Measures.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第三十三条上述跨年度分步交易,若当事方在首个纳税年度不能预计整个交易是否符合特殊性税务处理条件,应适用一般性税务处理。在下一纳税年度全部交易完成后,适用特殊性税务处理的,可以调整上一纳税年度的企业所得税年度申报表,涉及多缴税款的,各主管税务机关应退税,或抵缴当年应纳税款。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 33 In the course of the first and second transaction mentioned above, where the parties thereto cannot expect whether the whole transaction is able to meet the conditions for special taxation treatment in the first tax year, the general taxation treatment shall apply. Upon the completion of all transactions in the next tax year, if it is found that the special taxation treatment may apply, then the annual tax return of enterprise income tax of last tax year may be adjusted, in case of any over-payment of tax, the respective taxation authorities shall rebate the same or offset or deduct from the payable tax of the current year.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第三十四条企业重组的当事各方应该取得并保管与该重组有关的凭证、资料,保管期限按照《征管法》的有关规定执行。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 34 The parties to enterprise restructuring shall obtain and take custody of vouchers and materials in connection with such restructuring and the period for such custody shall be implemented in accordance with relevant regulations of the Collection Administration Law.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第四章跨境重组税收管理&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Chapter IV Cross-border Restructuring Taxation Administration&nbsp;</p><p>  第三十五条发生《通知》第七条规定的重组,凡适用特殊性税务处理规定的,应按照本办法第三章相关规定执行。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 35 Any restructuring as provided in Article 7 of the Circular that is applicable for special taxation treatment, shall be implemented in accordance with relevant provisions set out in Chapter III of these Measures.</p><p><br/></p><p>  第三十六条发生《通知》第七条第(一)、(二)项规定的重组,适用特殊税务处理的,应按照《国家税务总局关于印发〈非居民企业所得税源泉扣缴管理暂行办法〉的通知》(国税发[2009]3号)和《国家税务总局关于加强非居民企业股权转让所得企业所得税管理的通知》(国税函[2009]698号)要求,准备资料。</p><p>&nbsp;Article 36 Any restructuring falls into the types of restructurings as provided in Paragraph 1 or Paragraph 2 of Article 7 of the Circular that is applicable for special taxation treatment, shall prepare materials in accordance with the requirements of the Circular of the State Administration of Taxation on Printing and Distributing the Tentative Measures for Administration of the Withholding of Non-resident Enterprise Income Tax from Origins (Guo Shui Fa [2009] No.3) and the Circular of the State Administration of Taxation on Strengthening Administration on Enterprise Income Tax Levied on Income from Equity Transfer by Non-resident Enterprises (Guo Shui Han [2009] No. 698).</p><p><br/></p><p>  第三十七条发生《通知》第七条第(三)项规定的重组,居民企业应向其所在地主管税务机关报送以下资料:</p><p>  1.当事方的重组情况说明,申请文件中应说明股权转让的商业目的;</p><p>  2.双方所签订的股权转让协议;</p><p>  3.双方控股情况说明;</p><p>  4.由评估机构出具的资产或股权评估报告。报告中应分别列示涉及的各单项被转让资产和负债的公允价值;</p><p>  5.证明重组符合特殊性税务处理条件的资料,包括股权或资产转让比例,支付对价情况,以及12个月内不改变资产原来的实质性经营活动、不转让所取得股权的承诺书等;</p><p>  6.税务机关要求的其他材料。 Article 37 For any restructuring as provided in Paragraph 3 of Article 7 of the Circular, the resident enterprise shall submit the following materials to the competent taxation authority at its locality:</p><p>1. statement of the restructuring situations of the parties thereto, and the application documents shall specify the commercial purpose for such equity transfer;</p><p>2. the equity transfer agreement entered into by both parties;</p><p>3. statement of the share-holding situations of both parties;</p><p>4. assets or equity evaluation report(s) issued by evaluation institutions, in which shall respectively specify the fair market value of each transferred assets and liabilities involved and listed therein;</p><p>5. materials evidencing that the restructuring concerned meets the conditions for special taxation treatment, including equity or assets transfer ratio, situation concerning payment of consideration and the letter of commitment regarding no change of the original substantial operation activities and no transfer of equity that have obtained within 12 months; and</p><p>6. other materials as required by the taxation authorities.</p>

推荐阅读

《增值税法》重塑出口退税(一):免退和免抵退

  《增值税法》和《增值税法实施条例》于2026年1月1日起生效后,对增值税出口退税会产生深远影响。本系列文章我们来梳理政策逻辑,分析最新变化。

  一、出口退税原理

  出口退税无非就是增值税链条跨境过程中的消消乐(请参考《增值税链条跨境,只不过是从头再来》)。也就是说在理想状态下,是将出口货物、服务、无形资产在出口国此前环节的所有税款全部退还,使其以零税负轻松离境,以便在进口国从头再来蓄起新链。

  《增值税法》第十条规定,纳税人出口货物,税率为零;国务院另有规定的除外;同时,《增值税法》第三十三条规定,纳税人出口货物或者跨境销售服务、无形资产,适用零税率的,应当向主管税务机关申报办理退(免)税。出口退(免)税的具体办法,由国务院制定。

  《增值税法实施条例》第四十七条规定:

  纳税人出口货物或者跨境销售服务、无形资产(以下统称出口业务),依照增值税法第三十三条的规定申报办理退(免)税的,按照国务院规定的出口退税率,通过免抵退税办法或者免退税办法计算退(免)税额,经税务机关审核通过后,办理退(免)税。

  免抵退税办法,是指出口环节免征增值税,对应的进项税额抵减应纳增值税税额,未抵减完的部分予以退还;免退税办法,是指出口环节免征增值税,对应的进项税额予以退还。

  从以上条文中我们可以归纳出如下要点:

  - 俗称的“出口退税”正式名称为“出口退(免)税“。“出口退税”的说法不准确,因为现实中纳税人办理出口退(免)税,结果可能是退税、免税或者视同内销征税,统称为“出口退税”有以偏概全之嫌。但是“出口退(免)税“的说法也好不到哪里去,因为也没有把视同内销征税这种结果涵盖进去。既然反正都差不多,本系列文章我们主要使用俗称的“出口退税”,万不得已才使用正式名称“出口退(免)税“。

  - 出口退税的底层逻辑是出口应税交易适用零税率,造成销项税额为零,进项税额无处可抵扣,因此需要退还进项税。跨境交易的标的可以是货物、也可以是服务、无形资产、不动产,但是零税率的范围只涵盖出口部分标的:其中货物全部包括在内,不动产则全部排除,服务和无形资产则部分包括(即限于国务院规定范围内)。

  - 出口业务的出口退(免)税计算有两种方法,一种是免、抵、退方法,另一种免、退方法。计算的过程中还会用到一个出口退税率。

  接下来我们来介绍这两种计算方法并顺便介绍出口退税率。由于出口货物更为常见,我们本系列主要讨论出口货物。针对出口货物而言,免、退方法适用于外贸企业,免、抵、退方法适用于生产性企业。由于免、退方法较为简单直白,我们先来介绍它。

  二、免、退方法

  财税〔2012〕39号文第二条规定,不具有生产能力的出口企业(即外贸企业)或其他单位出口货物劳务,免征增值税,相应的进项税额予以退还。

  免、退方法比较直白。假设A外贸公司从供应商收购货物然后出口,采购环节支付113万元,拿到一张增值税专用发票,上面写着价款100万元,增值税款13万元,后来A公司将这批货物出口,确认销售时计算销项税额为零,这就是“免”;然后再向税务机关申请退税,税务机关审核通过后,将采购发票上体现的税款13万元全部或者部分退还A公司,这就是“退”。两步合起来就是免、退。

  有人说,这也太简单了吧?难道出口退税跟出口销售有就没有关系吗?确实没有关系,不信你看外贸企业出口退税的计算公式(请参见39号文):

  增值税应退税额=增值税退(免)税计税依据×出口货物退税率

  外贸企业出口货物增值税退(免)税的计税依据,为购进出口货物的增值税专用发票注明的金额或海关进口增值税专用缴款书注明的完税价格。

  公式中的确没有出现出口销售额,证明出口退税跟出口销售额没有关系。同时,这个公式也引出了另一个话题——出口退税率,前面说到进项税全部或者部分退还,就取决于这个退税率。

  三、出口退税率

  出口退税是鼓励出口的手段,体现了国家政策。政策往往是有导向的,表现在这里就是针对优先鼓励出口的货物,全退;针对不优先鼓励出口的货物,部分退;针对不鼓励出口的货物,不退。出口退税率就是来体现这个导向的。现有的出口退税率,有13%,9%,6%和0%四档,具体适用哪一档,可以根据出口货物的海关编码(HS code)去国家税务总局网站查询。

  从前文的公式中可以看出,针对货物而言,13%退税率意味着采购环节缴纳的增值税全退。9%意味着部分退,0%退税率意味着不退。

  全退和不退都容易理解,部分退怎么理解呢?仍旧拿前面的例子来说,外贸企业购进出口货物的增值税专用发票注明的金额为100万元,如果退税率是9%,根据上文的公式相乘后得9万元就是应退税额;增值税专用发票上税额为13万元,减去应退9万元还剩4万元。这4万元不退的税款怎么处理呢?外贸企业只能计入成本。

  通过以上介绍我们发现,尽管出口退税有全退,部分退和不退,但出口退税的源头是上游缴纳的增值税,也就是出口企业的进项税。这是增值税出口退税底层逻辑的核心,永远不要忘记。

  四、免、抵、退方法

  知道了出口退税来源于进项税,我们就可以来看生产企业了。在出口销售免税这一点上,生产企业与外贸企业相同;但由于生产企业的进项税构成复杂,导致生产企业出口退税更为复杂。外贸企业采购的商品原样出口,因此出口商品的进项税容易辨认。生产企业则是另一番景象:采购的可能是车架、轮胎、发动机等等成千上万个零部件,出口的是一台整车。出口一台整车之后要归集所有零部件的进项税,那是不可能的,因此只能放弃算细账,改为算大账。另外由于生产企业往往出口同时内销,算大账时不仅要将所有的出口产品算在一起,而且要将内销产品也算在一起。由于内销产品的进项税本来是要抵的,外销产品的进项税本来是要退的,现在两种进项税混到一个池子里,分不清哪些该抵哪些该退,只能按照先抵后退的顺序来进行。这就是免、抵、退的涵义。

  39号文规定,生产企业出口货物劳务增值税免抵退税,依下列公式计算:

  1.当期应纳税额的计算

  当期应纳税额=当期销项税额-(当期进项税额-当期不得免征和抵扣税额)

  当期不得免征和抵扣税额=当期出口货物离岸价×外汇人民币折合率×(出口货物适用税率-出口货物退税率)-当期不得免征和抵扣税额抵减额

  当期不得免征和抵扣税额抵减额=当期免税购进原材料价格×(出口货物适用税率-出口货物退税率)

  2.当期免抵退税额的计算

  当期免抵退税额=当期出口货物离岸价×外汇人民币折合率×出口货物退税率-当期免抵退税额抵减额

  当期免抵退税额抵减额=当期免税购进原材料价格×出口货物退税率

  3.当期应退税额和免抵税额的计算

  (1)当期期末留抵税额≤当期免抵退税额,则

  当期应退税额=当期期末留抵税额

  当期免抵税额=当期免抵退税额-当期应退税额

  (2)当期期末留抵税额>当期免抵退税额,则

  当期应退税额=当期免抵退税额

  当期免抵税额=0

  这套公式像一团乱麻,我们倒过来看才能理出脉络。先看结果:第3部分公式是说,最终退税多少,看出口产品的生产企业当月增值税申报表期末留抵税额有多少。这很容易理解,因为退税是退进项税,生产企业期末留抵税额就是留抵的进项税算大账的结果。同时我们看到,退税额有个上限,就是“当期免抵退税额”,其计算见于第2部分公式:

  当期免抵退税额=当期出口货物离岸价×外汇人民币折合率×出口货物退税率-当期免抵退税额抵减额

  先来解释一下公式中的“免抵退税额抵减额”。这是进料加工贸易形式下免税进口原材料引起的,如果不采用进料加工贸易形式,这个抵减额就是零。由于进料加工贸易形式现在很少使用,这部分就不深究了。我们假设这部分是零,就可以将这个上限简化为:出口销售额X出口货物退税率。

  前面说过了,出口退税来源于出口货物的进项税,本质上与出口销售额无关,那么这个公式中为什么会出现出口销售额?再容我解释一下。首先这个“当期免抵退税额”只是当期退税的限额,只影响现金流而已(即使当期期末留抵税额高于这个限额无法退还,仍可以在下期继续留抵),不影响成本,不反映出口退税的底层逻辑。其次,“当期免抵退税额”这个限额本质上是参考生产出口货物耗用的购进货物进项税上限来制定的。其目的是将退税的范围大致限制在出口产品耗用购进货物的进项税(即采购成本×征税率)的范围之内。这个上限公式中没有用到采购成本,而采用了出口销售额,是因为前者不容易确定,就用后者来替代了。正常情况下卖一台10万元的车,不可能用到11万元的零部件,也就是说采购成本一般总是小于或者等于销售额。出口销售额在这个公式中充当了工具人的角色,结果使得当期出口退税限额有所放宽,但是不会距离进项税额这个核心太远。

  接下来我们关注公式第1部分。首先看第一个公式:

  当期应纳税额=当期销项税额-(当期进项税额-当期不得免征和抵扣税额)

  这个公式将“当期不得免征和抵扣税额”从进项税额当中剔除出去,意味着这部分增值税额退出增值税链条,进成本,对出口企业产生永久性影响。

  第二个公式则规定了这部分增值税的计算方法:

  当期不得免征和抵扣税额=当期出口货物离岸价×外汇人民币折合率×(出口货物适用税率-出口货物退税率)-当期不得免征和抵扣税额抵减额

  首先来解释一下这个公式中的“当期不得免征和抵扣税额抵减额“。这同样是进料加工贸易形式下免税进口原材料引起的。如果不采用进料加工贸易形式,这个抵减额同样是零。这里我们仍旧假设这部分是零,直接忽略掉,就可以将“当期不得免征和抵扣税额“简化为:出口销售额×征退税率差。

  简化后的公式就容易理解了:“当期不得免征和抵扣税额“代表了从增值税中剔除的进项税额,取决于两个因子,一是征退税率差,这体现了政策导向,另一个则是出口销售额。按说出口退税是退进项税,按生产出口货物耗用的购进货物的采购成本乘以税率差来剔除才合理。现在以出口销售额乘以税率差来计算剔除,显然是多剔除了,也就是多进成本了。至于原因,仍旧是采购成本不容易确定,就用出口销售额代替了。

  五、两种方法对比

  从这里我们看出,存在征退税率差的情形下,出口退税政策对生产性企业不利。有人说,前面“当期免抵退税额”那个计算公式有些宽松,后面“当期不得免征和抵扣税额”这个计算公式比较严格,一进一出总体上说就算打平了好不好?但是你仔细想一想,前面那个公式只影响现金流,不影响成本,可以说那个影响是时间性的;而后面那个公式却直接影响成本,影响是永久性的。因此说,这两个不对等,对生产企业不利。

  这绝不是存心打压制造业,而是贸易型出口退税更让人放心。贸易型政策是算细账,透明度高,上家缴了税而且有增值税专用发票为证,下家出口后才退税,交的税和退的税之间对应关系清清楚楚明明白白;而生产型出退税是算总账,购进项目相关的进项税不区分是用于生产出口产品还是用于生产内销产品,相当于一个黑箱。税务机关喜欢透明不喜欢黑箱,因此对生产性出口退税要求比较严格。

  针对存在征退税率差的产品,既然生产性企业出口退税不利,那么生产企业销售给境内企业(包括关联企业)由这个境内企业出口销售并申请出口退税是不是更有利呢?答案是肯定的。假设A公司生产某产品征税率13%,退税率9%,原材料采购成本50万元,出口销售价200万元,那么如果自行出口,免抵退税计算过程中不得免征和抵扣税额为200×(13%-9%)=8(万元),这部分要进成本;反之,如果A将产品以100万元价格销售给B公司,由B公司出口退税,那么免退计算的结果,需要进成本的金额是B公司的采购价100×(13%-9%)=4(万元)。也就是说,后一种方式下,成本节约了4万元。

  需要提醒一下,《增值税法实施条例》第五十三条规定,纳税人实施不具有合理商业目的的安排而减少、免除、推迟缴纳增值税税款,或者提前退税、多退税款的,税务机关可以依照《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》和有关行政法规的规定予以调整。另外,《增值税法》第二十条规定,销售额明显偏低或者偏高且无正当理由的,税务机关可以依照《中华人民共和国税收征收管理法》和有关行政法规的规定核定销售额。生产企业通过外贸公司出口有节税机会,但是要综合考虑以上条款的规定。

股权架构中的税负陷阱

  引言

  股权架构是公司治理的基石,科学的、适合的股权架构设计能够从根源上解决企业未来面临的许多重要问题。具体到税务合规及筹划层面,股权架构设计对税负的影响极为深远。在实践中,许多企业在面临利润分配、转增股本、权益转让等资本运作时,往往因初始架构设计的考量不周,而承担了不必要的税负成本。从这个角度上讲,选择特定的持股架构,本质上是为企业未来的资本运作安排预设了相应的税务路径。

  本文系统剖析自然人直接持股、自然人通过合伙企业持股及通过有限公司持股这三类实务中最常见的持股模式下的税负情况,并结合监管案例揭示其关键风险。

  目录

  一、常见持股模式下的所得税税负情况

  二、常见持股架构的税负陷阱

  三、混合持股架构

  四、混合架构的实施难点

  一、常见持股模式下的所得税税负情况

  所得税是股东参与企业投资、经营承担纳税义务中最主要的税种,因此也是选择持股模式时重点考量的因素。

  实践中常见的自然人直接持股、自然人通过合伙企业持股及通过有限公司持股模式,在面对几类主要涉税事项时,主要所得税税负如下:

acc17c6acea7020c26cabba16694351a_4d5d0f94e8740fa5b9a81a59270b58d7.png

  以上表格从静态视角,概括了三种持股架构在典型资本运作场景下的所得税税负要求,然而,实务中的税负陷阱,往往在于对适用条件的误判以及架构与商业目标错配所引发,下文我们将穿透表格的概括性描述,深入剖析各类架构在具体应用中高频出现的税负风险点。

  二、常见持股架构的税负陷阱

  (一) 自然人直接持股

  自然人直接持股是初创企业普遍采用的模式,其优势在于法律关系清晰。从税负角度,这种持股模式在股息红利分配和转让股份所得两类主要场景下的综合税负是最低的,但面临的弊端也较为明显,需要在搭建股权架构时充分预判。

d5115381e161f28d07dfd84f9852bbe4_bf725248fe82db70f2b82237023aa9c0.png

  1. 分红收益即时课税,缺乏递延空间

  依据《个人所得税法》及相关规定,自然人股东取得的股息、红利所得,需按20%的税率计算缴纳个人所得税。纳税义务发生于被投资企业作出利润分配决议之时,并于支付环节由企业履行代扣代缴义务。相较于法人股东享有的“居民企业间股息红利收益免税”政策,以及合伙企业“先分后税”机制所提供的汇算清缴周期,自然人直接持股架构下的分红收益丧失了资金的时间价值,特别是在“视同分红”的转增股本等场景下,即时课税的弊端尤为明显。

  - 案例

  根据安徽合肥税务局公告,在2023年度税务稽查中,合肥某地方税务局对某实业公司的整体变更事项进行检查,自然人股东以未分配利润、资本公积(资本溢价部分)转增公司注册资本未依法按20%税率缴纳个人所得税,公司未履行代扣代缴义务,要求补征并追缴滞纳金。

  - 分析

  此案例体现了税法在自然人分红处理上的确定性,即便此时股东未取得现金收入也应当履行纳税义务。若该股东通过一家符合条件的境内法人公司持股,则本次以未分配利润、资本公积(资本溢价部分)转增公司注册资本在持股公司层面可适用免税政策,而自然人直接持股则不具备此财务调度弹性。

  2. 企业重组中无法适用特殊性税务处理实现递延纳税的风险

  根据《关于企业重组业务企业所得税处理若干问题的通知》(财税〔2009〕59号)及后续规范性文件,适用特殊性税务处理(即递延纳税)的主体明确限定为“企业”法人。因此,自然人作为交易方,在涉及股权支付为主的吸收合并、分立及换股交易中,被排除在递延纳税优惠的适用主体之外。这可能导致在重组交易发生当期,即需确认股权转让所得并产生相应的个人所得税义务,可能对交易架构的设计与执行构成实质性影响。

  - 案例

  根据某影视公司公告,在“公司收购浙江公司”时,由于转让方为自然人,其取得的上市公司股权支付对价部分,被税务局认为无法适用59号文规定的特殊性税务处理,要求补缴相关所得税。

  - 分析

  此情形清晰地揭示了自然人股东在参与复杂性资本运作时的税务局限性。即便交易本身符合商业整合的逻辑,税法的适用限制也可能在交易前端形成即时的现金税负,增加重组的资金协调难度。

  3. 股东借款存在被“视同分配”风险

  自然人股东若在纳税年度内与其投资企业之间存在大额、长期的资金往来,且未能充分证明该款项用于公司生产经营,依据《财政部、国家税务总局关于规范个人投资者个人所得税征收管理的通知》(财税〔2003〕158号)等相关规定,该笔款项存在被税务机关认定为“视同股息、红利分配”的税务风险,从而需要补缴个人所得税。此外,与企业经营无关的支出亦无法在企业所得税税前扣除,可能引发额外的税务调整。

  - 案例

  在国家税务总局深圳市税务局2021年公布的典型案件中,北京某科技公司实际控制人通过“其他应收款”科目长期占用公司资金超2000万元,最终被税务机关认定为视同分红,补缴个人所得税400余万元,并处以滞纳金和罚款。

  - 分析

  此类资金往来若在年度终了后未予归还,极易成为税务稽查的关注点。这不仅涉及公司治理的合规性,更直接关联到股东个人的纳税义务,潜在风险不容忽视。

  (二) 通过合伙企业持股架构

  合伙企业持股常被应用于员工股权激励平台或联合投资载体,但其税务处理兼具复杂性与不确定性。

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  1. 合伙企业“先分后税”原则导致合伙人未收到分红款亦存在纳税压力

  合伙企业作为税收上的“透明体”,其本身并非所得税的纳税主体,根据“先分后税,未分也税”原则,其年度经营所得无论是否实际向合伙人分配,均需按合伙协议约定的份额比例计算各合伙人应纳税所得额。这一机制使得合伙企业不具备法人公司所特有的“利润留存”功能,即便利润未进行实际分派,合伙人也可能面临相应的现金纳税压力。

  - 案例

  根据国家税务总局北京市税务局2022年对某上市公司员工持股平台的检查,该平台从上市公司获得的分红虽未实际分配,但税务机关仍要求所有合伙人按份额申报纳税,其中3名境外合伙人因未及时申报而被要求补缴税款及滞纳金。

  - 分析

  这印证了合伙企业"透明体"纳税原则的严格执行。即使利润留存平台,合伙人仍面临纳税义务,这导致了合伙人“无现金流入却需承担纳税义务”的局面,对于持有较多份额的合伙人而言,需要预先规划资金以备税款缴纳,对个人现金流管理提出了更高要求。

  2. 合伙平台转让股权地方优惠失效的风险

  自然人通过合伙企业转让股权,其个人合伙人所得按法律规定应适用5%-35%的超额累进税率。尽管历史上部分地区为招商引资,曾擅自出台政策将此税率降至20%或允许采用核定征收,但这些地方性优惠因缺乏上位法依据,已被国家列为清理整顿的对象,2022年,国务院办公厅发布《关于进一步推进省以下财政体制改革工作的指导意见》(国办发〔2022〕20号),明确要求“逐步清理不当干预市场和与税费收入相挂钩的补贴或返还政策”。截至目前,新疆、江西、广西等多地已经取消相关地方性优惠。

  - 案例

  根据广西南宁市税务局公布的案例,2025年3月,自然人高某投资的合伙企业(有限合伙)在2020年存续期间被查实存在人为滥用核定征收政策避税的行为。其核心疑点在于:第一,该企业作为26名员工的持股平台,具备相当规模与建账能力,却未按规定设置账簿;第二,其业务实质仅为转让清晰的上市公司股权,完全不符合“账目混乱难以查账”的法定核定情形;第三,企业为适用核定征收,迁移至税收洼地并变更经营范围以套取核定资格,但既无实质经营,也无办公支出、员工薪酬等合理商业目的,在完成股权转让后便迅速注销。据此,税务机关认定其行为属于人为设置条件错误适用政策,要求其自查补税。

  - 分析

  此案例揭示了合伙企业作为持股平台的核心税负陷阱,过往的地方优惠失效风险较大,实际控制人若轻易采用合伙企业持股模式,可能陷入高额补税风险。因此,如无绝对必要,应尽可能规避以此类平台作为实际控制人的持股载体。

  (三) 通过有限公司持股架构

  有限公司(法人)持股架构在集团化运营和风险隔离方面具有优势,但在资本利得实现环节的税负问题需要重点关注。

da3070c134a7df9e8cada99e5cd8e3e0_39272164994c21ce2997848ed6e43831.png

  1. 股权转让环节的双重课税风险

  法人公司持股在收益环节享有居民企业间股息红利免税的政策优势。然而,在最终转让被投资企业股权实现资本利得时,将面临双重征税的结构性影响:首先,持股公司层面需就股权转让溢价计入应纳税所得额,适用25%的企业所得税税率;其后,该笔税后利润若需分配至最终的自然人股东,个人还需缴纳20%的个人所得税。综合税负成本可能达到40%的水平,在某些旨在实现最终退出的场景下,与自然人直接持股相比,整体税负效率可能并非最优。

  - 案例

  根据百润股份(002568)公告,“上海兆年实业有限公司"作为法人股东减持"百润股份"股票时,其转让所得先缴纳企业所得税,税后利润分配时又代扣代缴个人所得税。

  - 分析

  有限公司持股架构适用于有长期产业布局和持续分红需求的情形。但若核心商业目标在于未来通过股权转让实现资本退出,则需审慎评估此架构下双重课税对最终收益的影响。

  综上所述,自然人、合伙企业、有限公司等单一持股模式均存在其固有的税负局限与适用边界。无论是自然人架构的税务刚性、合伙企业架构的政策不确定性,还是有限公司架构在退出时的双重课税问题,都清晰地表明:依赖单一工具无法满足企业多元化、动态发展的资本运作需求,不存在一种普适性的架构能在所有商业场景下均呈现最优解。

  三、混合持股架构

  如前述分析,没有任何一种持股模式能在所有的涉税事项场景下均获得最佳的筹划效果。因此,混合持股架构应运而生。

f31c4f4ac300790d0e9951ba05a4002d_4653d1246b044b9899a9b6fdb2aecb90.png

  混合持股架构是通过不同主体的组合,实现风险隔离、税务优化和资本运作的灵活性的持股架构类型,它并非一种固定的模式,而是一种基于商业目标与资产属性进行分层、分类配置股权的战略筹划思想。其核心在于,通过不同法律实体(如有限公司、合伙企业)的灵活组合,构建一个功能互补、风险隔离、税负优化的股权系统,旨在将不同的资产与业务置于最适宜的税务载体之下,从而实现整体价值最大化,其架构核心逻辑如上图所示。

  混合持股架构摒弃了“一刀切”的简单思维,转而追求一种精细化的顶层设计。

  (一) 控股平台

  通常由创始人(或家族成员)通过一家或多家有限公司持有核心资产或作为最终控股平台,此层级的首要目标是确保控制权稳定、承接核心业务分红(享受居民企业间股息免税),并为未来可能的集团化重组、资产划转、家族其他对外投资提供灵活性。

  (二) 激励平台

  针对员工股权激励需求,普遍设立有限合伙企业作为平台,利用其设立便捷、治理灵活的特点,在保持创始人(作为GP)控制力的同时,有效隔离了无限责任风险。

  (三) 直接持股层

  对于希望保持退出路径直接、明晰的特定股东(如战略投资者或部分创始人),可保留其在目标公司的自然人直接持股,这为未来上市后减持提供了税负确定且路径简单的通道。

  四、混合架构的实施难点

  然而,构建一个精密的混合架构绝非简单的实体堆砌,其中充满了需要深度专业判断的技术细节,任何一个环节的疏忽,都可能导致架构的失效甚至引发新的税务风险。例如:

  1. 架构层级如何设计才最优化?是“自然人→家族控股公司→目标公司”的两层结构,还是需要增设中间层以实现特定功能?层级过多可能导致不必要的合规成本与资金流转效率下降。

  2. 不同平台间的持股比例应如何配置?家族控股公司应持有运营公司多少股权?员工持股平台的份额如何分配才能平衡激励效果与未来的税负?

  3. 未来架构调整的路径是否已提前考虑?随着公司发展,架构可能需要有进一步调整的需要,初始设计是否预见未来的资本运作(如融资、激励、分拆等),并提前预留综合税负较低的可行路径?

  4.各类平台的合规管理能否跟上?合伙企业需要完成年度汇算清缴及分配申报,有限公司需要准备合并财务报表并完成企业所得税汇算,合规管理的复杂性与成本是否被充分评估?

  这些问题的答案,远非标准模板可以套用,它深度依赖于企业的具体股权背景、商业模式与资本规划。一个在纸面上完美的架构,若忽略实施细节,可能在实践中步履维艰,建议企业家与决策团队在架构设计之初,即结合商业愿景(包括但不限于盈利模式、融资规划、上市计划与退出路径),对各类持股载体的税务特性进行前瞻性分析与审慎评估,从而在源头上为未来的资本运作奠定更为优化的税务基础,必要的话,及时寻求专业机构的帮助。


  作者简介

  张兰田

  国浩上海合伙人

  业务领域:资本业务、税务合规

  邮箱:zhanglantian@grandall.com.cn

  洪思雨

  国浩上海律师

  业务领域:资本业务、税务合规

  邮箱:hongsiyu@grandall.com.cn

  来源简介

  国浩律师事务所

  官方网站:http://www.grandall.com.cn/

  国浩律师集团事务所成立于1998年6月,是中华人民共和国司法部批准组建的中国第一家亦为唯一一家律师集团事务所。